Unidentified gunmen have blown up a pipeline in Nigeria's oil-producing Niger Delta region, officials say. Eight people have been killed and many more are missing after the pipeline was destroyed with dynamite, said the chairman of the local authority.
Oil company Shell said it had shut down two wells supplying the pipeline.
Nigeria is Africa's major oil producer but Niger Delta residents say they have not benefited from their oil wealth. Youths often target oil installations.
posted
Well now, it looks like the kidnapping of Dokobu-Asari has not yeilded the federal government what it expected; that if you chop off the head the body will die. Instead, this present attack proves that the Niger Delta uprising is grass roots in origin, and more like a hundred-headed hydra than a one-eyed cyclops. Other heads will grow in the place of the one that is chopped off. The same is true about any popular movement, MASSOB included, although I should not mention the unstained and stalwart leader of MASSOB with the sell-out Asari, who seemed to be trying to feather his own nest in his dealings with Aso Rock. He should be left to his own folly, but a thousand men with the courage of Uwarazike could shake the whole world.
___________________ The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves... Posts: 660 | From: Valle del Sol | Registered: Nov 2004
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This article is re-printed from Transparency Int'l's website, which credits the underwritten author.
Nigeria Nigeria’s oil boom bodes ill for Delta poor ISN, 19 December 2005
While Nigeria’s government has reaped an estimated US$280 billion from oil in the past 30 years, the Delta communities have seen precious little of the revenue, and analysts say the average Nigerian has little to expect from an expected boom in oil production next year, except more instability.
Oil production in the troubled Niger Delta region will increase by up to ten per cent next year, according to the latest estimates.
Nigeria is already Africa’s most productive oil-producing nation, and by 2010 will generate up to four million barrels per day, on a par with Mexico.
However, while Nigeria’s government has reaped an estimated US$280 billion from oil in the past 30 years, the Delta communities have seen precious little of the revenue.
Vast stretches of the region have erratic electricity supplies, poor water quality, and few functioning schools or healthcare centers.
According to human rights groups, the only government presence in many parts of the region is a heavily armed security apparatus. The government provides very little infrastructure, public works, or conditions conducive to employment.
Nigeria was a British colonial creation. It came into being in January 1914 with the amalgamation of the colony of Lagos and the Northern Protectorate. Nigeria was granted independence in 1960, originally with Dominion status. In 1963, Nigeria broke its direct links with the British Crown and became a republic within the Commonwealth.
International oil companies have operated in the Niger Delta area since 1956, when oil was first discovered in Oloibiri, in what is now Bayelsa State. Over the past half-century, the Nigerian government has earned billions of US dollars from its oil sector, and oil revenues now account for nearly 80 per cent of the national budget.
However, the international oil conglomerates have caused much antagonism among locals, who object to the contamination and destruction of their region.
Protest groups have been systematically and brutally repelled by government forces and by private firms hired by the oil companies.
The oil companies have admitted that some of their activities have contributed to the violence.
US oil giant Shell admitted it had inadvertently fed conflict, poverty, and corruption through its oil activities in Nigeria, which accounts for about ten per cent of Shell’s global production.
Shell says it has been difficult to operate with integrity in areas of conflict like Nigeria.
“Government and local communities must take the lead,” said Emmanuel Etomi, Shell’s community development manager in Nigeria. “As part of an industry inadvertently contributing to the problem, we are prepared to help,” he said.
The international agency ActionAid, which has been active in Nigeria since 1999, told ISN Security Watch that “the environment is going to be significantly damaged” by these latest oil findings.
While acknowledging that the local community will “gain on the one hand, whilst losing on the other”, Action Aid’s regional coordinator, Otive Igbuzor, said: “There are going to be benefits, because the revenue for the people will increase. But the environment will be destroyed.” Speaking to ISN Security Watch last week from Nigeria’s capital, Abuja, Igbuzor warned that doubling production from just over two million to four million barrels could cause an increase in violence.
“The local people will feel cheated, bitter, and will likely increase their restlessness. It will create another challenge for the government,” he said. “The better option for the people of the Niger Delta is the better management of the environment, and that the people are empowered and not marginalized.”
The Delta’s marginalized people The Delta is a maze of pipelines dotted with well-heads and flow stations. As night falls, often the only light is from flares burning unwanted gas that, according to reports, is contaminating the environment.
Frequent oil spills have affected fish stocks and polluted water holes. And in order to alleviate the frustrations of communities that lack both development and employment, companies offer “ghost” jobs, paying money to people who are not expected to work.
The Delta’s marginalized people have vigorously pursued a campaign for their rights. However, their campaign for economic and social rights is impeded by continued threats to their civil and political freedoms.
Human rights defenders and journalists, including foreign reporters and television crews, have been harassed, detained, and sometimes beaten for investigating oil spills or violations by the security forces.
Communities suspected of obstructing oil production or harboring criminals are frequently targeted by the security forces. The federal government has in many cases rejected calls for independent and impartial inquiries into abuses by these forces, which operate under its direct control.
Ten years ago, the Nigerian government was suspended from the Commonwealth and received global condemnation after executing novelist and internationally renowned poet Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight Ogoni colleagues for campaigning against the devastation of the Niger Delta by the oil companies.
Saro-Wiwa had written about his people's plight since 1968, saying: “The notion that the oil-bearing areas provide the revenue of the country, and yet be denied a proper share of that revenue […] is unjust, immoral, unnatural, and ungodly. Why should the people on oil-bearing land be tortured?”
Following the Ogoni executions, the oil companies came under greater scrutiny and many companies adopted codes of conduct on corporate social responsibility, although only 91 companies have adopted explicit policies on human rights.
The security forces have killed and injured unarmed civilians and have razed entire communities.
Absolute poverty
The inhabitants of the Niger Delta remain among the most deprived oil communities in the world - 70 per cent live on less than US$1 a day, the standard economic measure of absolute poverty.
Oil has warped the Nigerian economy and society. During the oil boom of the 1970s, the country's military governments quickly abandoned other sources of export income, such as minerals and agricultural commodities, in favor of oil.
Oil is also at the heart of a culture of corruption that has pervaded a succession of military and civilian governments.
This year, Nigeria was ranked the seventh most corrupt country in the world by Berlin-based watchdog Transparency International - an improvement on 2004, when it came second-to-last.
Though violence is a problem in the Niger Delta, production will never be shut down as the returns are just too high.
The US military has undertaken joint exercises with the Nigerian military to exchange ideas on the conflict in the Delta, but last week, US Ambassador to Nigeria John Campbell told a press conference with Funso Kupolokun, head of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, that Washington had no plans to establish a permanent military base in the Gulf of Guinea and only had a military training arrangement with Obasanjo’s government.
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) claims that civil unrest and violence can occur with little notice throughout the country. The most recent incidents occurred in the Niger Delta and in the Cross-Rivers and Ebonyi border regions.
According to the FCO, there were “threats against oil production facilities and expatriates” following the arrest of a gang leader in September.
But it also said Nigeria’s human rights situation had “improved since the return to civilian rule”.
The Obasanjo government set up a panel to investigate human rights abuses during the country’s military rule.
Obasanjo also established a National Human Rights Commission. However, the British government acknowledges that human rights abuses still occur, largely at the hands of the “ill-trained” security forces. The use of torture, beatings, and extra-judicial killings are still being reported.
Oil findings unlikely to benefit average Nigerian
In the meantime, the chief executive of the Shell Group and president of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, Jeroen van der Veer, told the Business Action for Africa Summit in London earlier this year that “business can make a contribution to tackling poverty in Africa through its everyday business operations”.
“The Shell Foundation, through its support for small enterprises, is helping to develop Africa’s entrepreneurial potential, and those small businesses will play a vital role in stimulating economic growth across the continent. However, business cannot act alone, governments need to create a supportive investment climate, underpinned by good governance that will allow businesses, big and small, to unleash Africa’s potential,” he said. But analysts doubt that the average Nigerian has anything to look forward to from the increase in oil production except more instability.
Action Aid’s regional coordinator Otive Igbuzor summed up Nigeria’s plight, saying: “We need to move faster in our work, because resolution of these issues in the Niger Delta is a metaphor for the resolution of the problems in Nigeria.”
Theodore Liasi is ISN Security Watch's special correspondent for humanitarian issues. He is a photojournalist and writer with over 14 years of experience covering war-torn countries around the world. He is the winner of the Amnesty International Photojournalist of the Year award. His work has been published in Newsweek, the Financial Times, the Daily Telegraph, and the Sunday Times. He is based in London and Rome.
Follow this link to view the article as it was originally published online.*
* Please note that some online news services may require a subscription and that some links may no longer be valid.
Transparency International (TI) - Alt Moabit 96 - 10559 Berlin, Germany -
___________________ The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves... Posts: 660 | From: Valle del Sol | Registered: Nov 2004
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This is what happens when people, I mean govenment by the people and for the people are not allowed to demonstrate against the policies of their own government or if they are allowed are jailed for guilty by association or freedom to speak out. Nigeria should learn to allow people to voice out their opinions about governmental issues and void the crippling of the economy. No man can extinguish or quench the behavior of another man under the color of authority but you can try to contain it by listening rather than reactionary or complete mute. However, it is alwyas safe if you allow them to express that behavior in a civilzed way.The Deep South need more than Lagos and Abuja.
Hail Biafra
[ December 20, 2005, 08:37 PM: Message edited by: Waypoint1Biafra ]
Posts: 1673 | From: Minnesota USA | Registered: Mar 2001
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Near the Etelebou oil field in the Niger Delta, a woman walks home past a flare burning off natural gas that's released by oil drilling. Such fires dot the delta, releasing toxics and particulate matter into the air. After years of international concern that the flares are a health hazard and a cause of global warming, the government called for an end to flaring. Companies have begun capturing the natural gas in pipelines for use as fuel, but have thus far failed to meet deadlines to stop flaring. The newest deadline: 2008.
The High Cost of Oil Photograph by Ed Kashi
A Shell clean-up crew wades into oil leaking from a shut-down well in Oloibiri, Nigeria, where the first petroleum was pumped from the Niger Delta in 1958. Since then Nigeria has become one of the world's major oil exporters, shipping out nearly 400 billion dollars of petroleum. But rather than prospering, the Niger Delta has suffered. Oil spills, explosions, gas flares, and fires have polluted and ruined its farms and fisheries.
From National Geographic
Could Shell Oil possibly do this in Europe or America? Of course not unless it were in the 17th or 18th century. Why then can they do it in Nigeria?
___________________ The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves... Posts: 660 | From: Valle del Sol | Registered: Nov 2004
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The fragile peace in the Niger Delta snapped again on Sunday, as unidentified youths killed no fewer than 10 persons, including soldiers of the Joint Task Force in the region, code-named “Operation Restore Hope.”
The youth were said to have opened fire on the people at the Benisede Flow Station of the Shell Petroleum Development Company, in Bayelsa State.
Nine others sustained varying degrees of injuries in the incident.
Our correspondents learnt that the youth, who were armed with sophisticated weapons, stormed the flow station at 7am.
Using dynamite, the youth reportedly blew up the flow station and the houseboat, which served as the abode of soldiers and oil workers.
The attackers, according to our source, fled the scene.
The incident caused a panic among security operatives in Delta and Bayelsa states.
A senior army officer described the extent of damage to lives and property in the incident as “serious.”
Findings by our correspondents revealed that the remains of the fallen soldiers and oil workers littered the scene on Sunday morning.
The Commander of JTF, Brig. Gen. Elias Zamani, later dispatched a team to evacuate the bodies.
An Agusta helicopter of the Nigerian Navy over flew the scene at about 9:00am.
A member of the naval team confided in our correspondents that five soldiers died in the incident while nine persons sustained serious injuries.
The flow station was located in Ekeremoh Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
It was one of the four flow stations shut down by the management of Shell on Thursday, following the attack on its flow line, identified as Trans Ramos Pipeline at Brass Creek Manifold in Bayelsa State.
Shell, in a statement on Sunday, said that although there were unconfirmed fatalities and missing persons, “some 42 SPDC contractors and staff were at the Benisede flow station at the time of the attack.
“The attackers invaded the flow station in speed boats, burnt down two staff accommodation (units), damaged the processing facilities and left.”
It added that all the injured persons had been moved to Warri, Delta State, for proper medical attention.
Although no official number of casualties was given, reports said that Shell confirmed that five of its staff had been injured and evacuated to Warri, while a witness said that he had seen at least, three troops shot and injured.
Following the growing insecurity in the area, the Anglo Dutch oil giant has commenced evacuation of personnel on duty from Benisede, and neighbouring flow stations including Opukushi, Ogbotobo and Tunu.
Shell said that all four flow stations had been shut as a result of the vandalisation of the Trans Ramos pipeline on Thursday.
The shutdown will lead to a loss of 106,000 barrels daily.
Sunday’s incident occurred barely four days after four expatriates oil workers working at the AE Fields of the Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company, were kidnapped by some persons in the area.
The kidnap led to another 120,000 bpd shut in of crude production.
Agency reports indicated that security operatives have, however, uncovered the whereabouts of those abducted.
The Chief of Naval Staff, Vice-Admiral Gani Adekeye, said, “We know where they are and we are aware they are safe.
“We also have reasonably good information and data on the people who carried out the action.”
A spokesman for the Bayelsa State Government, where the kidnapping took place, Mr. Ekiyor Conrad Welson, said a team was dispatched to contact the kidnappers and find out what their grievances and demands were.
According to him, “We hear that the hostages are being held off the coast.”
The SPDC’s External Relations Manager, Western Division, Mr. Harriman Oyofo, confirmed the incident in a telephone interview with our correspondents.
Oyofo, however, said details of the incident were sketchy and asked our correspondents to contact the JTF for further inquiries.
He said, “All that I can tell you now is that Benisede Flow station was attacked this morning by some unknown persons, but if you want more information, you can contact the JTF.”
Oyofo’s colleague for the West, Chief Charles Akeni, also said that no reason had been given on this recent attack, while “Government security agencies have been contacted to assist in securing all SPDC facilities and to secure law and order in the area.”
Benisede is a riverside pumping station, which gathers crude oil from a network of wells in swampland around the Bomadi Creek, part of the Niger Delta which is 300 kilometres (185 miles) South-East of Lagos.
Zamani, who confirmed the report, said a team had been dispatched to the scene.
He said, “I am aware of the attack on Benisede Flow Station, and we are investigating it. My men have gone there to assess the situation and report immediately.”
Incidentally, this year marks the 50th year that Shell discovered oil in commercial quantity in Oloibiri, in the same state.
Both the kidnapping and the pipeline blast have been claimed by a previously unknown separatist group dubbed, the “Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta,” which seeks independence for the region’s 14-million-strong Ijaw people.
The group has demanded the release of two local champions, including Ijaw guerrilla leader, Mujahid Dokubo Asari, and warned in an e-mail statement: “We are capable and determined to destroy the ability of Nigeria to export oil.”
Asari declared a ceasefire in August 2004, but vowed to win Ijaw independence and control over the Delta’s oil through political agitation.
He was arrested last year after threatening to tear Nigeria apart and will appear in court on Tuesday charged with treason. Asari’s lawyer, Uche Okwukwu, insists his group has no link with the recent attacks.
But the supporters of the detained leader of the Niger Delta Peoples Volunteer Force, Alhaji Muhajid Asari Dokubo, on Sunday dissociated themselves from the kidnap of four expatriate oil workers in Bayelsa State.
At a press briefing in Port Harcourt, the Secretary of the NDPVF, Mr. Odum James, said the group and Dokubo had nothing to do with the kidnap of the oil workers.
James said, “We, the members of the NDPVF have no knowledge whatsoever concerning the destruction of oil installations in the region and the kidnapping of persons. We are also not in support of such acts.”
On his part, the Governor of Bayelsa State, Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, on Sunday said the military may take over Ekeremor local government area of the state, in line with the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Speaking at the Government House, Yenagoa, during a reception for legionnaires as part of the Armed Forces Remembrance Day celebration, wondered why militant youths kidnapped the four expatriate oil workers of Snepco, a sister company of Shell.
Jonathan also said he got a report Sunday afternoon that another set of yet-to-be-identified youths had taken over SPDC’s Benisede Flow Station in the same Ekeremor council.
He said, “Let us meet with our people, to ensure that our communities and LGAs are not turned to sanctuaries of criminals and hoodlums. We do not want Bayelsa waterways to be taken over by criminals.
“The military may also take over the waterways for the state to function. Everybody knows the implication of the Federal Government taking over the trouble spots or LGAs.”
Shell has evacuated around 330 workers from four sites in the Niger delta area of Nigeria following a gunboat attack.
Gunmen fought Nigerian soldiers on Sunday as they overran the Benisede pumping station near the port of Warri.
Five Shell workers were injured and there are unconfirmed reports that some soldiers and gunmen died in the attack.
The evacuations from Benisede and three other pumping stations will not affect production, already halted because of a pipeline attack last Wednesday.
The latest attack helped put upward pressure on oil prices, with markets already worried about the nuclear standoff involving Iran, the world's fourth largest crude oil exporter.
In London on Monday morning, the price for a barrel of Brent crude had risen by 19 cents to $62.45.
In two attacks last week, militants ruptured a major pipeline feeding an export terminal and kidnapped four foreign workers from another Shell oil rig in the region.
The hostages, who are still being held, come from the UK, the US, Honduras and Bulgaria, a Shell spokeswoman said.
Correspondents say the move will increase pressure on Nigeria's government to crack down on ethnic Ijaw militants who want more control over the region's oil revenues.
The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, the group that says it is holding the hostages, has demanded the release of a separatist leader, Mujahid Dokubu Asari, who is being held on treason charges, and a former state governor, Diepreye Alamieyaseigha, who is accused of money-laundering.
Production cut
The kidnappings and explosion, the latest in a string of violent incidents in the troubled region, have slashed Shell's production there by some 220,000 barrels a day - almost 10% of Nigeria's average output of 2.6m barr In a statement about the latest attack, Shell said "heavily armed persons" attacked the platform early on Sunday.
"The attackers invaded the flow station in speedboats, burnt down two staff accommodation blocks, damaged the processing facilities and left," it added.
The injured members of staff have been taken to hospital, the company reported.
Evacuation
Soldiers guarding the platform returned fire, Brigadier-General Elias Zamani, commander of a special task force assigned to the area, said
According to Reuters news agency a number of soldiers and assailants died in the attack.
There are other reports that Shell may be considering a total evacuation from the western side of the Niger delta.
Nigeria is Africa's leading oil exporter and the fifth-biggest source of US oil imports.
___________________ Biafra is inevitable.Illegitimis nil carborundum. Posts: 760 | From: europe | Registered: Jan 2005
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quote:The group has demanded the release of two local champions, including Ijaw guerrilla leader, Mujahid Dokubo Asari, and warned in an e-mail statement: “We are capable and determined to destroy the ability of Nigeria to export oil.”--excerpt from The Punch(Originally posted by Ochiwar)
It appears from the above that the Ijaw resistance has some real direction in its struggle. If no oil can be exported from Nigeria, what will the horseleeches in the North do for money since they don't work for a living. Maybe they should wake up and smell the coffee. Fifty percent of something is better than 75 percent of nothing. But I don't expect to see fairness come out of Nigeria, so look to see an increasingly larger military presence in the whole South and East to head off any disruption to the flow of oil.
___________________ The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves... Posts: 660 | From: Valle del Sol | Registered: Nov 2004
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As a firm believer and espouser of the inalienability of the right to self-determination, I highly commend the courage being shown by the Niger Delta guerrilla soldiers. I wish them a durable staying power and, ultimately, victory in their guerilla warfare against the evil called nigeria.
___________________ When I heard that those vandals, the nigerian troops, had advanced to Aba. That great Biafran city. It touched my heart; not to forget! Posts: 56 | Registered: Jun 2003
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posted
I think we should imetate these people inthis kind of gorila warfare. this is what we need to get this struggle of the independence state of the great BIAFRA. But we dont have sofisicated weapons like them. If we join them today we will be more powerful than ever and before you know it our dreams will come true. Nigeria is not a child you bath with cold water; they need hot water and IRON sponge to bathe them.
___________________ Please lets talkto others for Igbo unity. And to acheive Biafra, amen Posts: 8 | From: Alaigbo | Registered: Dec 2005
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Nigerians should not fool themselves. Oil is the lifesblood of the beast. Without oil revenues or loans from oil-hungry nations, sooner or later Nigeria northern-led military will run out of bullets. Peace is not a viable option, but it is a delaying tactic, useful to those who now have the advantage. History is replete with the horrific transgressions of the unholy alliance of western governments, Royal Dutch Shell, and Nigeria's post-war military-politico regimes, which of course include murder(Ogoni 9), the pollution and devastation of indigenous peoples' home and farmland, fisheries, air, thereby increasing poverty and hardship in these areas even more; re-investment in the local areas non-existent, corruption of moral and traditional values by those who weild the power of their ill-gotten revenues, and a host of other effects and conditions.
If all that has been written about the greedy sucking of oil out of what is now called the South and East of Nigeria, it would literally fill many volumes and herald again the countless crimes against African peoples, helped on by Muslim-Africans, whose activities vis-a-vis other Africans have a distinct historical pattern of planned and/or wilful detriment. They, like their foreign oil pirate counterparts, in my opinion, are not to be trusted. After five decades of extracting billions of dollars of oil from the lands of impoverished peoples, without any more sensitivity than to describe desperate freedom fighters as "oil thieves," it looks as though Shell and others have learned nothing about morality, or about how to distinguish between who is really a thief, and who is not. Let's see, they send payments to world-renown tyrants and dictators hundreds of miles away, but call the young men and sons of the soil "thieves," all the while raping their land and leaving much of it polluted and un-usable. They care nothing for new-borns, young children, or the elderly, who must breath the chemically laden air polluted by their flare burn-offs of natural gas, condemned by the international community decades ago but still being practiced today in Nigeria by Shell and others. And why? because they can get away with it in Nigeria.
They reason, after all, they're only Africans, and who cares if millions die, so we won't even raise an eyebrow if we indirectly cause the death of hundreds of thousands; we will never be called to account for it; even in Bhopal, our corporate cousins got away with murder, so with the government on our side we can do whatever we want to the average Nigerian. We've been poisoning their air and water for forty years now and nobody has done anything to us, except perhaps for a few international protests or boycotts. Business is good.
While the above reasoning may not be provable, it is certainly not unlikely to be the actual thinking of the oil companies operating in Nigeria. And who is it who thinks the Muslim North cares a rat's rear about pollution or poverty in the oil-producing areas. Nigeria is still divided into camps, the Yoruba, the Hausa-Fulani, and the Igbo, to name the largest. I believe the Hausa-Fulani see the oil-producing areas as enemy areas, to be exploited to the "n"th degree, and after all is plundered and laid waste, to leave the inhabitants in misery and powerlessness; and they have pursued this policy to the hilt, without any remorse, while the oil companies and western governments have either actively participated, or looked the other way, being careful only in maximizing their own benefit.
I won't waste any time trying to reason or convince those who live in, or hail from, non-oil producing areas of Nigeria, that they should see the light. The light is blinding, and they have closed their eyes to the truth, and wish not to be told the truth, so that they may peacefully live and believe a lie, that everything is ok, which it is not. I don't have respect for these sort of people anymore.
Those who fight oppression now leave to posterity a better life and hope, and purchase for themselves glory and blessing from the same. Their task may seem thankless for the present but their zealous outrage will uphold them and push them forward. If they succeed in stopping the flow of oil, the world will stand up and pay them respect, and the unnatural beast, birthed in the minds of British criminals and nurtured in the busoms of northern Nigerian Muslims, will fall apart like a house of cards. The resistance need not neutralize them all to win this fight, only those whose presence allow for the un-interrupted flow of oil. It can be done with relatively few numbers, but beware the western powers who are not above using weapons such as toxic defoliants to expose the bases of resistance, not at all being concerned with the long-term effects of such chemicals on the land, waterways, or the people. Such extremities will have to be expected, and endured, if victory is to be achieved, and above all, there should be no compromise, for it is the poisoned draught in the hand of a smiling enemy. It is the net that took Asari. It should be avoided at all costs, or the beast will live on.
Credit has previously been given in this thread to National Geographic and photographer Ed Kashi for the above photos.
Note*** Crimes against Igbo people are too numerous , too murderous, and too apparent for me to grace this short write-up with. It is plain historical fact and has no need of being proved, or used as proof. We are past the proving stage as it regards atrocities committed against Igbos for the sake of oil interests. They are evident and apparent.***
___________________ The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves... Posts: 660 | From: Valle del Sol | Registered: Nov 2004
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